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The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back.

2.8 78 rpm releases in the microgroove era.

The large cover (and inner sleeves) are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, especially in the case of 12-inch discs. The phrase broken record refers to a malfunction when the needle skips/jumps back to the previous groove and plays the same section over and over again indefinitely. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch) (although they were designed in millimeters ), the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm) at which they are played ( 8 + 1⁄ 3, 16 + 2⁄ 3, 33 + 1⁄ 3, 45, 78), and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP, 12-inch disc, 33 + 1⁄ 3 rpm SP, 10-inch disc, 78 rpm, or 7-inch disc, 45 rpm EP, 12-inch disc or 7-inch disc, 33 + 1⁄ 3 or 45 rpm) their reproductive quality, or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.) and the number of audio channels ( mono, stereo, quad, etc.).

According to the Apollo Masters website, their future is still uncertain. On February 6, 2020, a fire destroyed the Apollo Masters plant. Only two producers of lacquers ( acetate discs or master discs) remain: Apollo Masters in California, and MDC in Japan.

The increased popularity of the record has led to the investment in new and modern record-pressing machines. Īs of 2017, 48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide, 18 in the US and 30 in other countries. Likewise, sales in the UK increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence as a format for rock music in the early 21st century-9.2 million records were sold in the US in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. They were also listened to by a growing number of audiophiles. Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on a smaller scale, and during the 1990s and early 2000s were commonly used by disc jockeys (DJs), especially in dance music genres. By the 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the compact cassette were mass-marketed. It had co-existed with the phonograph cylinder from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. In the mid-2000s, gradually, records made of any material began to be called vinyl disc records, also known as vinyl records or vinyl for short. Starting in the 1940s polyvinyl chloride became common, hence the name "vinyl". At first, the discs were commonly made from shellac, with earlier records having a fine abrasive filler mixed in. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Problems playing this file? See media help.Ī phonograph disc record (also known as a gramophone disc record, especially in British English), or simply a phonograph record, gramophone record, disc record, long-playing record, or record, is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.

Video of a 1936 spring-motor-driven 78 rpm acoustic (non-electronic) gramophone playing a shellac record.